Hawker Typhoon in World War II

A troubled aircraft in its early days, the Hawker Typhoon became a critical part of the Allied air forces as World War II (1939-1945) progressed. Initially envisioned as mid- to high-altitude interceptor, early Typhoons suffered from a variety of performance issues that could not be rectified to allow it to achieve success in this role. Initially introduced as a high-speed, low-altitude interceptor in 1941, the following year the type began transitioning to ground-attack missions. Highly successful in this role, the Typhoon played a critical part in the Allied advance across Western Europe. Background In early 1937, as his previous design, the Hawker Hurricane was entering production, Sydney Camm commenced work on its successor. The chief designer at Hawker Aircraft, Camm based his new fighter around the Napier Sabre engine which was capable of around 2,200 hp. A year later, his efforts found a demand when the Air Ministry issued Specification F.18/37 which called for a fighter designed around either the Sabre or the Rolls-Royce Vulture. Concerned about the reliability of the new Sabre engine, Camm created two designs, the N and R which centered on the Napier and Rolls-Royce power plants respectively. The Napier-powered design later received the name Typhoon while the Rolls-Royce-powered aircraft was dubbed Tornado. Though the Tornado design flew first, its performance proved disappointing and the project was later cancelled. Design To accommodate Napier Sabre, the Typhoon design featured a distinctive chin-mounted radiator. Camms initial design utilized unusually thick wings which created a stable gun platform and allowed for ample fuel capacity. In constructing the fuselage, Hawker employed a mix of techniques including duralumin and steel tubes forward and a flush-riveted, semi-monocoque structure aft. The aircrafts initial armament consisted of twelve .30 cal. machine guns (Typhoon IA) but was later switched to four, belt-fed 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (Typhoon IB). Work on the new fighter continued after the beginning of World War II in September 1939. On February 24, 1940, the first Typhoon prototype took to skies with test pilot Philip Lucas at the controls. Development Problems Testing continued until May 9 when the prototype suffered an in-flight structural failure where the forward and rear fuselage met. Despite this, Lucas successfully landed the aircraft in a feat that later earned him the George Medal. Six days later, the Typhoon program suffered a setback when Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production, proclaimed that wartime production should focus on the Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley, Bristol Blenheim, and Vickers Wellington. Due to the delays imposed by this decision, a second Typhoon prototype did not fly until May 3, 1941. In flight testing, the Typhoon failed to live up to Hawkers expectations. Imagined as a mid- to high-altitude interceptor, its performance fell off quickly above 20,000 feet and Napier Sabre continued to prove unreliable. Hawker Typhoon - Specifications General Length: 31 ft., 11.5 in.Wingspan: 41 ft., 7 in.Height: 15 ft., 4 in.Wing Area: 279 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 8,840 lbs.Loaded Weight: 11,400 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 13,250 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Maximum Speed: 412 mphRange: 510 milesRate of Climb: 2,740 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 35,200 ft.Power Plant: Napier Sabre IIA, IIB or IIC liquid-cooled H-24 piston engine each​ Armament 4 Ãâ€" 20 mm Hispano M2 cannon8 Ãâ€" RP-3 unguided air-to-ground rockets2 Ãâ€" 500 lb. or 2 Ãâ€" 1,000 lb. bombs Problems Continue Despite these problems, the Typhoon was rushed into production that summer following the appearance of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 which quickly proved superior to the Spitfire Mk.V. As Hawkers plants were operating at near capacity, construction of the Typhoon was delegated to Gloster. Entering service with Nos. 56 and 609 Squadrons that fall, the Typhoon soon mounted a poor track record with several aircraft lost to structural failures and unknown causes. These issues were made worse by the seepage of carbon monoxide fumes into the cockpit. With the aircrafts future again under threat, Hawker spent much of 1942 working to improve the aircraft. Testing found that a problematic joint could lead to the Typhoons tail tearing away during flight. This was fixed by reinforcing the area with steel plates. In addition, as the Typhoons profile was similar to the Fw 190, it was the victim of several friendly fire incidents. To rectify this, the type was painted with high visibility black and white stripes under the wings. Early Combat In combat, the Typhoon proved effective in countering the Fw 190 particularly at lower altitudes. As a result, the Royal Air Force began mounting standing patrols of Typhoons along the southern coast of Britain. While many remained skeptical of the Typhoon, some, such as Squadron Leader Roland Beamont, recognized its merits and championed the type due to its speed and toughness. After testing at Boscombe Down in mid-1942, the Typhoon was cleared to carry two 500 lb. bombs. Subsequent experiments saw this doubled to two 1,000 lb. bombs a year later. As result, bomb-equipped Typhoons began reaching frontline squadrons in September 1942. Nicknamed Bombphoons, these aircraft began striking targets across the English Channel. An Unexpected Role Excelling in this role, the Typhoon soon saw the mounting of additional armor around the engine and cockpit as well as the installation of drop tanks to allow it to penetrate further into enemy territory. As operational squadrons honed their ground attack skills during 1943, efforts were made to incorporate RP3 rockets into the aircrafts arsenal. These proved successful and in September the first rocket-equipped Typhoons appeared. Capable of carrying eight RP3 rockets, this type of Typhoon soon became the backbone of the RAFs Second Tactical Air Force. Though the aircraft could switch between rockets and bombs, squadrons were typically specialized in one or the other to simplify supply lines. In early 1944, Typhoon squadrons commenced attacks against German communications and transportation targets in northwest Europe as a precursor to the Allied invasion. Ground Attack As the new Hawker Tempest fighter arrived on scene, the Typhoon was largely transitioned to the ground attack role. With the landing of Allied troops in Normandy on June 6, Typhoon squadrons began providing close support. RAF forward air controllers traveled with the ground forces and were able to call in Typhoon air support from squadrons loitering in the area. Striking with bombs, rockets, and cannon fire, Typhoon attacks had a debilitating effect on enemy morale. Playing a key role in the Normandy Campaign, the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, later singled out the contributions the Typhoon made to the Allied victory. Shifting to bases in France, the Typhoon continued to provide support as Allied forces raced east. Later Service In December 1944, Typhoons helped turn the tide during the Battle of Bulge and mounted countless raids against German armored forces. As spring 1945 began, the aircraft provided support during Operation Varsity as Allied airborne forces landing east of the Rhine. In the wars final days, Typhoons sank the merchant vessels Cap Arcona, Thielbeck, and Deutschland in the Baltic Sea. Unknown to the RAF, Cap Arcona carried around 5,000 prisoners taken from German concentration camps. With the end of the war, the Typhoon was quickly retired from service with the RAF. During the course of its career, 3,317 Typhoons were built.

Immigration Policy And The Presidential Election Essay

„Every year, nearly a million people immigrate to the United States. Over 41 million legal and undocumented immigrants live in the country today. That’s 13% of the population. How the US deals with the flow of immigrants directly affects the countries security and economy.† This opening statement made in the video â€Å"Immigration Policy and the Presidential election† produced by Hagit Ariav and Jeremy Sherlick in October 2015 for the Council of Foreign Relations expresses why immigration is an ever present issue in American politics. However, statements and policies introduced by this year’s candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, have brought the controversial topic of immigration to a historic high, sparking wide spread opinions and discussions throughout the country. The complexity of immigration in the United States finds its routes both in its historical meaning within the United States, as well as the various actors and countries current ly involved in the situation. Historically, the United States is a country of immigrants. In past decades, millions of people from around the world have come to the country in hope of starting a new and better life. Currently, the United States is experiencing a constant flow of people coming from the Northern Triangle (Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala) in Central America. According to the Council on Foreign Affairs’ article ‘Central America’s Violent Northern Triangle’ written by Danielle Renwick, â€Å"nearly 10 percent of theShow MoreRelatedThe Line Between Teaching History And Current Events1387 Words   |  6 Pagesevery four years comes the Presidential Election. This is a current event that cannot be ignored given the amount of media attention and personal debates that occur from the national election. Given these facts, it is nearly impossible not to teach about the ongoing election within school classrooms. 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Physical Restraints for Dementia Patient-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Develop a research proposal based on either a Quantitative or Qualitative Methodology. Answer: Research Proposal-Qualitative Title Understanding the use of physical restraints for dementia patient in acute care setting from the perspectives of the nurses Purpose of the study and aims The proposed study will have the following objectives: To assess the use of physical restraints in case of dementia patients in acute care setting To detect and evaluate the association of physical restraints in dementia patients with the length of stay in acute care setting within hospitals To detect the prevalence and circumstances pertinent to the use of physical restraints for dementia patients admitted in acute care setting in hospitals To understand the potential complications and challenges encountered by nurses related to the use of physical restraints for the dementia patients admitted in acute care setting The projected study will have aims as follows: To give a succinct overview and pertinent knowledge about the potential uses of physical restraints for the dementia patients admitted in acute care setting To detect the merits and limitations of using physical restraints for dementia patients To indicate the possible relevance and the situations specific to the use of physical restraints in case of dementia patients admitted in acute care setting in hospitals To highlight the benefits and implications of using physical restraints for dementia patients and the possible relationship with the duration of stay in hospital Background and preliminary literature The use of physical restraints has gained prominence in acute care settings in hospitals for tackling the patients in effective manner. Relevant literatures have shown that the elderly individuals suffering from memory disturbances are the ones most likely to be put on physical restraints. Prevention of falls and combat of the behavioral responses such as that of being confused or being violent are the primary reasons for such utilization of physical restraints (Ang et al. 2015). Other pertinent studies also documented the rampant use of restraints in the geriatric care setting while in clinical practice by the nurses. The favorable decisions of nurses regarding use of physical restraints while in doubt and despite the presence of enough evidence about their potential benefits has been confirmed in such studies (Mhler and Meyer 2014). In other instances, alternatives to physical restraints for optimizing the patient safety have been presented and the expertise of the physical therapi sts has been solicited in this respect to enhance patient safety, functional independence and mobility. However, the declining rate of usage of physical restraints has also been mentioned simultaneously (Cleary and Prescott 2015). Moreover, dementia has been identified as a predisposing risk factor for incident delirium. Therefore, in such cases enough knowledge about the risk factors and early detection of the threats to delirium might pave way for effective strategies meant for improving patient safety and mitigating potential harm (Tomlinson et al. 2016). Further, introspections carried out with respect to the use of physical restraints have put valuable insights on interventions that might act to prevent and reduce the use of physical restraints for older people in general hospital settings (Mhler et al. 2016). The negative outcomes of use of physical restraints has been indicated in other study where older patients put on physical restraints and receiving anti psychotic medicat ions are found to be more vulnerable of getting affected by both functional as well as cognitive decline (Foebel et al. 2016). Another study has highlighted that physical restraint is more risky compared to antipsychotic drug for diminishing the physical and cognitive functioning in older home care residents (Graziano Onder et al. 2016). For patients admitted to residential care setting, the use of physical restraints has been found to accentuate the risk of development of psychotic symptoms coupled with benzodiazepine use. On the contrary, the use of antipsychotic antidepressant medication alongside practice of good activities of daily living (ADL) reduced the risk of restraint use (Kuronen et al. 2016). Thus, it is imperative to pay adequate attention to the uses of physical restraints for better understanding the potential advantages and disadvantages associated with their uses in patients suffering from dementia and admitted to acute care setting. Subjects-Inclusion and Exclusion criteria Nurses will be chosen as potential candidates for the study. Participants for the potential study will be recruited from the hospitals in Singapore. The inclusion criteria for such participation will be as follows: Nursing professionals who are engaged in working at the acute care facilities in hospitals of Singapore and are entrusted to take care of the dementia patients. Registered Nurses who have a minimum working experience of at least two years and are adept in tackling dementia patients in acute care setting will be specifically selected. The exclusion criteria for the study participants will be as follows: Nurses who work in other facilities other than the acute care setting and are not acquainted in dealing with dementia patients will not be recruited in the study. Nursing Aid/Nursing Assistant and Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) will be exempted from participating in the study due to lack of experience and enough professional competencies. Study plan and design The prospective study will make use of the observational study design besides the potential application of the descriptive research design to gain deeper insight and relevant understanding about the chosen topic of research. The identification of the aims and objectives related to the research will enable the researcher to make use of these research approaches (Salazar, Crosby and DiClemente 2015). As part of the observational study, elderly (above age of 60 years) dementia patients admitted to the acute care setting in hospitals at Singapore will be noted for their behaviors and other health related information for the sake of monitoring the uses of physical restraints at the time of hospitalization. The medical records of the concerned patient will be tracked down within the given timeframe to gain proper knowledge and insight about the topic of research (Creswell and Poth 2017). Further, as part of the descriptive research design, open ended questionnaire will be framed for conduc ting the interview session with the nurses directed to derive information about the potential challenges or benefits depending upon circumstances to ensure safety to the dementia patients. Further, for the interpretation of the data obtained, rigorous statistical operations will be employed. Non-parametric tests like that of the Chi Square test will be performed to explore the effect of single variable on the use of physical restraints (Jackson 2015). Regression analysis will further allow for computation and concomitant estimation of the relationships among the patient related variables and the use of physical restraints. Outcomes The outcome variables that will be investigated in course of the study will address the issue of the use of physical restraints for the dementia patients admitted in acute care setting in hospitals. The length of stay in the hospital for such patients will be assessed for understanding of the potential association with respect to the use of physical restraints. The challenges and benefits as stated by the nurses will be taken into consideration for evaluating the uses of physical restraints. Thus, the outcome variables will be chosen in a prudent and pragmatic manner to provide succinct information about the chosen topic of research. Ethical considerations The study will be undertaken by considering the ethical aspects of research. Prior to the commencement of study, necessary consent and approval will be sought from the concerned authority to carry out the work in a legally and ethically competent fashion. The information acquisition of the relevant patient will be done by means of hospital records. The study will not involve direct participation of patients as subjects of research (Flick 2014). However, information relevant to them will be collected from the records of the hospital. Therefore, before approaching with the research necessary approval will be sought from the hospital authority to allow for safe handling of data. Further, for gaining access to information about the potential challenges and issues faced by the professional nurses in using physical restraints for the dementia patients, open ended questionnaire will be framed for deriving information by virtue of conducting interview sessions with them. Consent will be soug ht from these nursing personnel working in acute care facility to retrieve data pertaining to the topic of research, the purpose will be made clear to them beforehand to increase the reliability, and validity of the research that will be performed (Bell 2014). The ethical clearance sought from the appropriate governing body will ensure that the study is conducted abiding by the requisite procedure and appropriate methods. Drugs The study will not make use of any drugs in course of collection of data. Moreover, no drug related information or pharmacologic effects of specific drugs shall be indicated in the study that might suggest the possible uses of the concerned drugs in the given context. The physical restraints applied in case of dementia patients in acute care setting do not conform to the use of drugs and hence will be purposely excluded from being mentioned in the study. Specific safety considerations The conduct of the study will be completed with utmost safety and care to minimize the chances of occurrence of errors whatsoever. The data retrieved from the appropriate sources will be kept in the safe custody of the principal investigator with secured password set in the laptop. No one other than the principal investigator and the research associates will have access to data. Data collected from patients records will be held as anonymous and precautions will be taken beforehand to ensure that no data is leaked under any circumstances. Thu confidentiality of the data will be prioritized (Ritchie et al. 2013). The safekeeping and deft handling of data will thereby enhance the credibility of the research that will further add value to the study that will be undertaken to provide an insight on the chosen topic of study. The entire study will be carried out in abidance with the Data Protection Act, 1998 (Council 2016). Analysis and reporting of results On completion of the data collection stage, effort will be taken to properly analyze the data for gaining meaningful information out of the retrieved data. Analysis of the patient characteristics through performance of interview of the nurses will be done by virtue of the multi-dimensional dementia assessment (MDDA) scale. It will aid in understanding the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in relation to the use of physical restraints in those patients (Dourado et al. 2014). The subsequent steps in analysis will resort to the statistical calculations through conduct of the non-parametric tests and regression analysis to gather pertinent and appropriate results out of the data collected. Thus, the reporting of results will be carried out in a manner that is in firm alliance with the scientific approach and accepted statistical procedure. Relevant information The study will depict no potential conflict of interest on the part of the researcher in terms of exhibiting compromise being made with respect to financial considerations or in pursuing professional commitments. However, the dearth of sample in collecting information relevant to the procurement of relevant information regarding the use of physical restraints for dementia patients admitted in acute care hospitals might pose limitations to the study. The statistical interpretation of data must be carried out with utmost care to arrive at meaningful conclusion from the data collected through information procured from the hospital record and interviewing the nurses on matter related to the topic of research in due course following definite strategies in compliance to specific safety considerations and ethical approval from the designated authorities. Date of proposed commencement The proposed study will commence from 1st August 2017 and the study ending deadline will be fixed as 31st December 2017 thus, setting the duration of the study to be of total 5 months. Efforts will be made to ensure that the proposed study will be completed within the set timeframe without any delay. Resource considerations Proper budget and a stipulated timeframe for the proposed study will be required to ensure the satisfactory conduct of the proposed study. The time limit of the study will be set no longer than 6 months for ease of data collection and retrieval of suitable information in connection with the study. Budgetary support will be sought from appropriate authorities for smooth undertaking of the study operations. ng of definite research questions, performing extensive literature review, outlining definite methodology appropriate for the study and providing insights regarding the proper collection and analysis of data. References Ang, S.Y., Bakar Aloweni, F.A., Perera, K., Wee, S.L., Manickam, A., Lee, J.H.M., Haridas, D., Shamsudin, H.F. and Chan, J.K., 2015. Physical restraints among the elderly in the acute care setting: Prevalence, complications and its association with patients characteristics.Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare,24(3), pp.137-143. Bell, J., 2014.Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Cleary, K.K. and Prescott, K., 2015. The use of physical restraints in acute and long-term care: an updated review of the evidence, regulations, ethics, and legality.The Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy,6(1), pp.8-15. Council, S.D., 2016. Data protection act. Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Dourado, M.C., Mograbi, D.C., Santos, R.L., Sousa, M.F.B., Nogueira, M.L., Belfort, T., Landeira-Fernandez, J. and Laks, J., 2014. Awareness of disease in dementia: factor structure of the assessment scale of psychosocial impact of the diagnosis of dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,41(3), pp.947-956. Flick, U., 2014.An introduction to qualitative research. Sage. Foebel, A.D., Onder, G., Finne-Soveri, H., Lukas, A., Denkinger, M.D., Carfi, A., Vetrano, D.L., Brandi, V., Bernabei, R. and Liperoti, R., 2016. Physical restraint and antipsychotic medication use among nursing home residents with dementia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,17(2), pp.184-e9. Graziano Onder, M.D., Finne-Soveri, H., Lukas, A., Denkinger, M.D., Carfi, A., Vetrano, D.L., Brandi, V., Bernabei, R. and Rosa Liperoti, M.D., 2016. Physical Restraint and Antipsychotic Medication Use Among Nursing Home Residents With Dementia. Jackson, S.L., 2015.Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Kuronen, M., Kautiainen, H., Karppi, P., Hartikainen, S. and Koponen, H., 2016. Physical restraints and associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms and personal characteristics in residential care: a cross?sectional study.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. Mhler, R. and Meyer, G., 2014. Attitudes of nurses towards the use of physical restraints in geriatric care: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies.International journal of nursing studies,51(2), pp.274-288. Mhler, R., Nrnberger, C., Abraham, J., Kpke, S. and Meyer, G., 2016. Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in general hospital settings.The Cochrane Library. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Salazar, L.F., Crosby, R.A. and DiClemente, R.J., 2015.Research methods in health promotion. John Wiley Sons. Tomlinson, E.J., Phillips, N.M., Mohebbi, M. and Hutchinson, A.M., 2016. Risk factors for incident delirium in an acute general medical setting: a retrospective casecontrol study.Journal of clinical nursing

The Little Things free essay sample

The little things in life are the most significant, yet we are oblivious to their meaning as if we never knew they were there, or didn’t even care. It’s the collection of these moments that captivate the spectators of our lives, our family, friends, and the every now-and-then passerby looking for a time killer to move the day along in a quicker manner. While they may seem irrelevant and not worth the effort to think twice about, the importance of their meaning is based on their receiver and how they put it into their own perspective. Instead of looking at the whole picture, focus on the minute details. It may seem like an easy task, one that achievable by anyone. Only once everything is taken in will the realization of what life’s beautiful flaws be perceived. For some, a step back from the big picture will bring them to this realization, and others, an entire lifetime of meticulous searching. We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Things or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To our foolishness, it lies precisely in-between. Being wrapped up in what is and what’s not hinders the best in people. The manner in which we receive information is taken in and processed by the mood we feel, the day we’ve had, or any other controversial dilemma we may have come across. Believe it or not, the reason we tend to overlook what is really important in life is because we accept death as inevitability. While death may not come to us in the near future, our perspectives on how to treat life’s’ gifts are dulled by the ignorance that we have towards it. Senses are heightened to those of a terminal ailment, ones who try to appreciate everything they come in contact with. They are the ones that take the time to slow their busy lifestyles down enough to keep up with what life has to offer, the little things. For the rest of us, morning traffic commuting and hectic days at work only bring us further and further away from what we are all missing out o n. Life really has so much to offer. However, it’s only available to those who attempt to make it all worthwhile, whether it is rain or sunshine. Bringing to light that we all take insignificant events and monumentous occasions differently is a step towards realizing that we are human. No two people will have the same perspective on an argument and many people may agree on relative subject, but it’s only letters on a page or words in thought if we don’t make something of it. We might argue that a companion gave up their chance of a lifetime, full of pleasure and contentment. Universally, there will always be disagreement, somewhere along the lines of happiness or pain being an emotion in the eye of the beholder. It’s human nature to have sensational feelings about a lifelong passion, while the rest of the world may think of it as nothing more than a waste of valuable resources, time, or energy. If we were to take into consideration why it is a human flaw for one person to like what another hates, then we would all be one step closer to understanding little things. They are so much more significant to a random passerby watching the life of a total stranger than their own. Why? Those opportunities being thrown away may be the stepping stone into the awakening of their own potential. When we take a step forward to observe our lives in every detail, from the seconds we waste pumping gas to the homeless we help during community service, we often find it too overwhelming to process. If we live on a day to day basis, watching every single step we make and action we do, paranoia will set in, eventually. This is true in part, because, if something we have planned doesn’t happen, we consider all the other possibilities and scenarios that will become of it. Like a bad choice, we ponder over every second and how one tiny action could have reserved our right to say we didn’t do anything wrong. When we take a step back to look at ou r own lives, however, harsh judgment sets in. Our thoughts on how we live our lives take a rollercoaster ride, going up and down through each stage of every emotion possible. We realize how much we don’t appreciate what we’ve got, how we use it, or why we waste it. An epiphany is frequent outcome, putting us in an irreversible journey towards our own self realization. Only a balance of gratitude towards the choices we make, how thoroughly we consider their outcomes to be, and their overall success will bring the true magnificence of life’s beauty forward. To focus on the big picture and every insignificant detail is the solution to living a productive life to its fullest extents and farther. Being unaware of the little things isn’t a choice, but every so often, we let what we cannot control get in the way of what we need to accomplish. What we do may be an interesting show for the bystander, but there’s always purpose for our actions. We may be con tent with what we do, or we may be restless with the outcome. Either way, the only real benefit of realizing all the little things in life is through trial and error, that everyone else’s life is touched in the process. Some may say that we need to keep our views at large, but in the end, the little things are what’s keeps us all going, day in and day out. For some, the road to realization may be long, to others, a foot step away. You get what you got, and you’ve got to roll with it. Simple as that.